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Human rights are under assault […] This year’s theme reminds us that human rights are about building the future — right now […] We must stand up for all rights — always.”
UN Secretary-General António Guterres
On December 10, we mark the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This historic document, which has been translated into more than 500 languages, remains a cornerstone of global human rights advocacy. Its principles and values have been enshrined in the constitutions and laws of numerous countries worldwide, including some governed by authoritarian regimes, reflecting its universal relevance and enduring impact.
The preamble of the UDHR emphasizes the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world. It declares that the recognition of these rights is essential to prevent barbarous acts that have outraged the conscience of humanity and to ensure a world where all people can enjoy freedom of speech, belief, and freedom from fear and want.
The UDHR comprises 30 articles, each addressing essential aspects of human dignity and equality:
- Equality and Freedom: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
- Non-Discrimination: Rights are guaranteed without distinction of any kind.
- Right to Life, Liberty, and Security: Every individual has the right to live with dignity.
- Prohibition of Slavery: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
- Freedom from Torture: No one shall be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment.
6-11. Fair Legal Protections: These articles ensure access to justice, presumption of innocence, and protection against arbitrary detention.
12. Privacy Rights: Protection from arbitrary interference in personal, family, or home life.
13-15. Freedom of Movement and Nationality: Rights to travel, choose residence, and have a nationality.
16. Family Rights: The right to marry and found a family, with equal rights during marriage and at its dissolution.
17. Property Rights: The right to own property individually or collectively.
Articles 18 to 21 focus on political and religious freedoms, such as:
- Freedom of Thought and Religion: The right to change or practice one’s religion or beliefs.
- Freedom of Expression: The right to express opinions without interference.
- Peaceful Assembly: The right to gather and associate for lawful purposes.
- Democratic Participation: The right to take part in one’s government, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
Articles 22 to 27 highlight economic, social, and cultural rights, including:
- Social Security: The right to social protection in cases of unemployment, disability, or old age.
- Right to Work: Fair wages, safe working conditions, and protection against unemployment.
- Education: Access to free primary education and opportunities for higher education.
- Cultural Participation: The right to participate in cultural life, enjoy the arts, and benefit from scientific advancements.
The final articles, 28 to 30, underscore the concept of collective responsibility: all individuals, states, and institutions share the duty to uphold and promote these rights. The UDHR envisions a global society where the enjoyment of rights by one does not infringe upon the rights of others and where solidarity ensures the fulfillment of justice and peace.
The Three Generations of Human Rights
The UDHR represents a foundation for understanding the evolution of human rights, often divided into three “generations”:
- Civil and Political Rights: First-generation rights focus on freedoms from oppression, such as the right to life, freedom of speech, and fair legal protections.
- Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Second-generation rights include the right to work, education, health care, and social security, ensuring individuals’ well-being.
- Solidarity Rights: Third-generation rights address collective challenges, such as the right to development, a healthy environment, and peace. These rights highlight the interconnectedness of humanity in tackling global issues.
The Role of Civil Society and NGOs
Despite its profound aspirations, the world continues to face significant challenges in achieving the vision of the UDHR. Civil society and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in bridging this gap. By educating communities about their rights, holding governments accountable, and advocating for marginalized populations, NGOs ensure that the values of the UDHR remain relevant and actionable.
NGOs also drive forward human rights education, especially for younger generations. Through partnerships with schools, universities, and communities, they foster an understanding of the UDHR’s principles and encourage students to champion these ideals. As future decision-makers, students must carry a fundamental commitment to achieving all human rights for all people, without discrimination.
As we commemorate this day, let us reaffirm our collective responsibility to continue striving for a world where the UDHR’s vision becomes a lived reality for everyone. Civil society, governments, and individuals must work together to protect dignity, ensure justice, and promote equality across the globe.